A sewing machine is, obviously enough, "a machine that sews," but if you think about those words literally, it can help you figure out how it works. Let's say we had a big construction set with standard, snap-together, engineering components in it; which bits would we need to make a sewing machine? The answer is surprisingly few. Although you can still find the odd hand-powered sewing machine (and you can operate any machine slowly by hand if you want to for slow, precision work), virtually all modern sewing machines are electric: they're built around quite hefty electric motors (roughly the same size as the ones you find in vacuum cleaners and lawn mowers). Pushing a tiny little needle up and down through multiple layers of thick fabric is hard work; and lifting and feeding the fabric takes effort as well. If you've ever sewn something like a pair of curtains, you'll know it can be quite exhausting turning and moving the fabric, but a sewing machine helps you do that job as well. more details
The beating "heart" of a sewing machine is the electric motor, which is hidden inside the main stem of the machine usually quite near to the place where you plug in the power cord. The motor drives three separate mechanisms that are very carefully timed to cooperate with one another. Two of them, a mixture of cams and cranks, operate the feed dog, that little set of teeth that pop up and down just beneath the needle and the presser foot (which holds the material in place); one pushes upward against the material (to grip it) and the other moves it forward by an adjustable amount (to make stitches of varying length). It's actually a rather neat double-act: one of these mechanisms makes the feed dog go up and down, while the other slides it back and forth. Meanwhile, another crankshaft driven by the motor makes the needle rise up and down, while the fourth and final mechanism turns the shuttle and hook attached to it that makes the stitches. view details
An early sewing machine was designed and manufactured by Barthélemy Thimonnier of France, who received a patent for it by the French government in 1830, to mass-produce uniforms for the French army, but some 200 rioting tailors, who feared that the invention would ruin their businesses, destroyed the machines in 1831. Thimonnier’s design, in any event, merely mechanized the hand-sewing operation. view details
A decisive improvement was embodied in a sewing machine built by Walter Hunt of New York City about 1832–34, which was never patented, and independently by Elias Howe of Spencer, Massachusetts, patented in 1846. In both machines a curved eye-pointed needle moved in an arc as it carried the thread through the fabric, on the other side of which it interlocked with a second thread carried by a shuttle running back and forth on a track. Howe’s highly successful machine was widely copied, leading to extensive patent litigation and ultimately to a patent pool that included the design of Isaac Merritt Singer, the largest manufacturer. In 1860 more than 110,000 sewing machines were produced in the United States alone. get details
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